What Are The Challenges And Drivers Of Internationalization Management Essay

What Are The Challenges And Drivers Of outside(a)isation Management EssayIn the modern world miserliness, business transactions can be conducted in spite of appearance the same city, the same country, or even between two countries. The term of worldwideisation has been adopted by m some(prenominal) researchers, for instance Bell (1995)A planetary houses engagement in a specific unknown securities industry develops according to an establishment chain, i.e. at the start no merchandise activities argon performed in the securities industry, then exportation takes place via independent representatives, afterwards through a sales subsidiary, and, eventually manufacturing may follow.Internationalization has become a solid research topic for business academics in the early(prenominal) forty years. A substantial amount of research has foc employ on multinational endeavours (Dunning, 1973 Markusen, 1995 Kogut and Zander, 2003), with a evolution interest in the foreignisati on of downhearted and medium surfaced enterprises (SMEs) (Oviatt and McDougall, 1994).Meanwhile elfin- and medium-sized companies (SMEs) know been believed to be significant in supporting economics improvement within a country (Mazzarol, Volery, Doss, and Thein, 1999). For guinea pig, in the Netherlands, SMEs account 98.8% of all private-sector companies, contribute 31.6% to Gross home(prenominal) Product (GDP), and employ 55% of the total workforce (EIM Business insurance policy Research, 1999). Further more than, obtaining sales outside their own interior(prenominal) marketplaceplace is a goal of many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and their governments (Economic Development Board, 1993).This thesis will be concentrated on the process of internationalization of SMEs, and especially the barriers of internationalization and motivations for export activities. In fact, SMEs be able to develop abroad since nowadays countries all around the world accommodate b ecome almost indistinguishable in terms of cultures and institutional settings (Johanson and Vahlne, 2003).1.2 Problem storyAccording to paradox indication, this there for leads to the following problem readmentWhat atomic build 18 the barriers and motivations of internationalization with regard to small and medium sized enterprises?1.3 Research QuestionsThe following school principals will be posed in order to draw conclusions with respect to the problem statementWhat argon the characteristics of small and medium enterprises?How do the enterprises internationalize?What are the challenges and drivers of internationalization?1.4 Research Method and Data Collection1.4.1 Research MethodThis thesis will use a literature study as the method of research. To be able to answer the research questions, the research method that shall be used is the literature study. To develop a theoretical framework, exploratory studies are used in this research. It is the most ideal type of research fo r obtaining a bear intellectual of the phenomena of interest (Sekarana, 2003).1.4.2 Data ColletionMost of the resources used are secondary data which is data that have already been gathered by other researchers in the past (Sekarana, 2010). So far the author has gear up several journals and articles discussing internationalization of small and medium enterprises as the main source of this thesis.Firstly, literature based on drivers and motivations of internationalization of small and medium enterprises were sought using several search engines such as Google Scholar, and also database such as JSTOR. The following keywords were used Internationalization, SMEs, Drivers and Motivations. These keywords were used independently and in combinations with each other. Secondly, more literature, articles and statistical data were found from the internet. Google is used as the search engine.Finally, to determine the quality of the literature, it is important to look at the military issue of citations from other high quality journal included in this literature. Another way to determine if literature is trustworthy is by looking at the references.1.5 organize of the ThesisIn the remaining chapters the structure will be as followsChapter 2 shall review and analyze some of the expositions of small and medium enterprises and their characteristics, referring research question Q1.Chapter 3 will examine the theories and the process of internationalization.In chapter 4, I will investigate the opportunities and barriers to internationalization.In the final chapter, conclusions will be drawn and the problem statement will be answered.2. SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES2.1. Definition of SMEsThere is no single, uniformly acceptable explanation of a small firm (Storey, 1994). However, some definitions are very depending on criteria such as number of employees and turn over. In 1971 Bolton Report (Dawes Haydock in Frank, 1999) attempted to overcome the problem of small firm definit ion by formulating what it called an economic definition and a statistical definition. Under the economic definition, a firm is regarded as small if it satisfied the following three criteria they had a relatively small share of their market place they were managed by owners or part owners in a personalized way, and not through the medium of a formalized management structure they were independent, in the sense of not forming part of a large enterprise.The Committee also formulated a statistical definition which was designed to address three main issues. The first was to quantify the size for the small-firm sector and its contribution to economic aggregates such as gross domestic merchandise (GDP), employment, exports and innovation. The second purpose was to compare the extent to which the small enterprise sectors economic contribution has changed over time. Thirdly, applying the statistical definition, this allows a comparison to be made among the contributions of small firms in o ne country with that of other nations.Furthermore, there is a lack of consensus on how to define SME (Gibb, 1993 Curran and Blackburn, 2001) as each country defines SME differently. For example, in the US and Canada, SMEs are generally defined as firms with fewer than 500 employees. In Japan, different headcount ceilings are used for manufacturing (up to 300 employees), wholesale (up to 150) and retail (up to 50).In this thesis we use the classification given by the Commission of the European Communities (2003/361/EC 2003). According to the European Union (2003), an SME is an enterprise with fewer than 250 employees and a turnover no more than 50 million Euros or a balance sheet total of no more than 43 million Euros. Small enterprises employ less(prenominal) than 50 and micro enterprises less than 10 employees.2.2. Characteristics of SMEsSMEs are always one of the remarkable subjects for the researchers. It may be distinguished from larger firms by a number of key characteristics. Researchers have drawn some characteristic for the SMEs. Characteristics often discussed as typical of SMEs are as followedLimited resources (Welsh and White, 1981). A small and medium enterprise generally has limited resources, which flirt withs they did not have money to purchase the required machinery and to hire many workers. This is extremely true for new starts-up due to an absence seizure or lack of track record on the firm to entice potential investors and bankers. Hence, it is highly dependent on the capability of the owner to generate resources. free management style (Kotey, 1999 and Slade, 2005). For small and medium enterprises, the management is usually informal. The owner has to do almost everything and employees are normally expected to be able to indebtedness as generalists as there is no clear division of tasks.Flexibility (Aragon-Sanchez and Sanchez-Marin, 2005). The enterprise has more flexibility to adapt to changes in the environment due to its size and infor mal structure. It is also vulnerable to grow in the enterprise environment. For example, any changes in government policy or technology might have a strong influence on the firms since instant changes require additional resources or capital. This might become a constraint to the firms to compete and sustainitself in the market. dependency on individual closing makers (Feltham and Barnett, 2005). The firms are managed and operated by the owner. The entrepreneurs of the business lead the company and play a role as both employee and employer. The growth of the firms is mulish by the owner. Decision making is comm besides done by the owner.3. INTERNATIONALIZATIONDifferent preliminaryes and berths have been contributed to the literature firms internationalization (Morgan and Katsikeas, 1997), and these issues have been researched over three decades (Etermad, 2004). For instance, a gradual perspective of SME internationalization is explained in the Uppsala toughie, and the Finnish-PO M Models (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975 Johanson and Vahlne, 1977). The other perspective is that SME internationalization is explained by an economic view (Dunning, 1977), and another view is described by a interlocking apostrophize (Kenny and Fahy, 2004 Majkgard and Sharma, 1998 Welch and Welch, 1998). The last view is described as the International vernal Venture perspective (Oviatt and McDougall, 1994 Zahra, Ireland, and Hitt, 2000). All these models are briefly discussed below.Of the gradual go ones, the Uppsala Model initiated by Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975) and further developed by Johanson and Vahlne (1990 and 1977) is widely used to describe pattern of small firms internationalization (Andersson, 2004). In Uppsala Model, they make the distinction between state and change prognosis of internationalization variables. They argue that the present state of the firm is the important factor in explaining future changes and subsequent stages. The state aspects ar e represented by the firms market shipment to the foreign market and the market knowledge round foreign market and trading operations. The change aspect is seen as allegiance decision and the performance of current business activities.The concept of market commitment is assumed to be composed of two factors Firstly, the amount of resources committed, for example, the size of investment in the market (marketing, force out, organization etc.) Secondly, the degree of commitment, for instance, the difficulty of purpose an alternative use for the resources and transforming them to practice.Market knowledge is seen as information well-nigh markets and operations which is somehow stored reasonable recovery in the minds of individuals inside the firm, in computer memories or in written reports. International activities require both general knowledge about market operations and market specific knowledge.Current business activities are the prime source of experimental knowledge for the firm. It could be argued that experience could be gained alternatively through the hiring of the personnel with experience or through advice from persons with experience.Commitment decisions depend very much on experience since they are a response to perceived uncertainty and opportunities on the market. Decisions to commit further resources to specific foreign operations will more often be taken if experimental knowledge cast ups. This implies that additional market commitment as a rule will be made in small incremental steps because its takes time to gain experimental knowledge about foreign markets.The Uppsala model concentrates on the gradual acquisition, integration and use of knowledge about foreign market. According to this model, lack of knowledge is an important obstacle in the learning of international operations and such knowledge can be acquired mainly through operations abroad. The gradual acquisition of knowledge increase foreign commitments.The second gradual model distinguishes three dimensions of internationalization (Luostarinen, 1979). First is Product (P), which describes what in terms of the firms goods, services, know-how and systems. Second is the Operation mode (O) which relates to how firms operate such as through agents, subsidiaries, licensing and management contracts. Third is Market (M), which describes where in relation to the selection of markets and takes into account political, cultural and physical differences. The organizational capacity dimension was a later addition to describe organizational structure, resources, finance and personnel (Welch and Luostarinen, 1988). Nonetheless, neither gradual model addresses the issues of networking.The networking view concentrates on non-hierarchical systems where enterprises invest to support and monitor their role in international networks. Referred to as the network perspective, this research draws on the theories of social exchange and resource dependence, and emphases on firm per formance in the context of a network of interorganisational and interpersonal relationships (Axelsson and Easton 1992). Such relationships can include customers, competitors, suppliers, private and public support agencies, and friends, family and so on. Organizational boundaries therefore incorporate both business and social relationships.The system suggests three methods of internationalization International extension, explains how a company initially establishes connections with networks in other countries Penetration, the firms develops the relationships that arise from those networks, which is described as the penetration method International integration, the time when the company blends the networks in different countries.Based to this research, internationalization determined by on an organizations set of network relationships rather than a firm-specific advantage. Therefore, externalization (rather than nativeization) occurs. The network approach offers a complementary per spective to FDI theory given the latter does not account for the role and impact of social relationships in business transactions (Granvetter 1985). Also, internationalization decisions and activities in the network approach appear as patterns of behavior influenced by various network members, while FDI theory assumes coherent strategic decision-making. The network perspective introduces a more multilateral element to internationalization (Johanson and Vahlne 1992, p.12). Interestingly, this perspective has evolved from Johanson and Vahlnes early work, and reflects their ongoing research exploring the management of foreign market entry. For example, their (1992) study of internationalization in the situation of exchange networks found that even if foreign market entry is the gradual process (supporting the Uppsala model), it follow from interaction, and the development and maintenance of relationships over time. These findings support Sharma and Johanson (1987), who found that techn ical consulting firms operate in a network of connected relationships between organizations, where relationships become bridges to foreign markets and offer firms with the prospect and incentive to internationalize.The International New Venture theory emerged in the mid-nineties in response to the recognition that many firms do not go along with the gradual models in their internationalization process (Etemad, 2004a Kenny et al., 2004). These firms are called Born Global (Knight and Cavusgil, 1996 Rennie, 1993), whilst Oviatt et al., (1994) identify them as Global Start-ups or International New Ventures (INV) firms. This model stresses on the age and not on the size of the firms and suggests that the INVs retain incomparable assets and capabilities that enable firms with limited resources to venture faster into foreign markets.Furthermore, Coviello and McAuley (1999) argue the internationalization happens gradually. With his extensive study of internationalization, Gripsurd (1990) points out that there is a three-stage model describing how an organization develops its international business study. First, the organization starts as a potential exporter, where they do not yet have the opportunity to export any of their goods or services. During this stage, the organization is still producing and distributing its convergences in the domestic market. Moreover, in the second stage, the firm is known as a passive exporter, where it has the opportunity to export its goods or services. However, they only represent upon request therefore, there is no self-initiative. To continue, in the third stage, the firm is known as an active exporter, when it is increasing export activities abroad. With respect to the explanations, it is clear that Bell (1995) and Gripsrud (1990) mainly focus on the idea that internationalization develops in a number of stages. It happens gradually, not just with a single movement.3.1 Process of InternationalizationThere are six steps that have been used for understanding about the internationalization of the small and medium enterprises. This process is not mattered only for the small and medium firms but applied in larger firms as well (Moberg and Palm, 1995 in Jennie and Zetterwall). These steps involved respectively, why internationalization (motives), company situation (SWOT), what ( harvest-time and service), where (market selection), how (entry modes), and when (point of entrance).3.1.1. buzz off out motives for internationalization.When a company goes internationalization it is often driven by certain stimuli or stimulus. Sometimes external and internal pressure such as competition, excess capacity of resources and a small and decline home markets put pressure on the company for becoming international. Other time firms go international because they want to. They have a unique product that is not widely available from international competitors or a technological advance in a special field (Czincota Ronkainen, 199 5).3.1.2. Clearly define the current situation of the enterprise (through conducting a SWOT digest).To enter a foreign market does not mean new opportunities, but also a totally new situation with new environment and cultures. To find out whether a firm is ready to tack and handle this new situation or not, a complete analysis of the company situation has to be done by using SWOT analysis (Thompson Strickland, 1995, in Jennie Zetterwall). Companys economy, production, personnel, marketing, international experience and language capabilities are some factors those must be analyzed into SWOT analysis (Moberg Palm, 1995 in Jennie Zetterwall). Potential markets and marketing environment have to be analyzed to find attractive opportunities and avoid environmental threats.3.1.3. Decide on the product or service enterprise wish to integrate in this process.The success of the firm depends on its products offered and on how well the firm is able to differentiate the product or service f rom what the competitors offer. When a company enters in a new market it should start with a small share of the assortment, mainly quality products or already established products.3.1.4. Select the right market to penetrate.When firm decides to enter foreign markets, the customers and market conditions are quite different from their home market. That stage firms need to enhance international marketing strategies considering different aspect of the marketing such as product, price, promotion, place, logistics, competition, and so on. The firms strategies decided, whether use to the existing product or develop a new product to serve the foreign market. A firm operating the international marketing should not only identify the product for different markets but should also develop suitable strategies for growth such products. Whether a single standardized can be offered worldwide or a customize product need to be develop for each market is the most significant product decision that firms has to do while operating in international markets. In the international market, decision related to quality, packaging and labeling of product require specific attention and consideration. Product strategy of the firm in international markets is often influenced by cultural context (Joshi, 2005). Therefore, it is a responsibility of the autobus/owner to know the taste and preferences of the customer in a target market, and formulate the product strategy according to the marketing conditions. Sometime color, size, and packaging of the product play vital role in the success of the firm (Joshi, 2005).3.1.5. Decide on mode of entry.After the selection of the market has been done, the company has to decide how to approach the foreign market. A firm can, for example choose to sell directly to the final consumer, to sell indirectly through distributors and/ or agents, or to produce locally in foreign countries. The choice depend on factors such as, resource of the export company, the characteristics of the product, the goal of the internationalization, the distribution culture in foreign markets, and the number and take aim of the customer (Czinkota Ronkainen, 1995).3.1.6. Find the right moment to do it.Furthermore, a company has to determine when to enter the foreign market. The company must be sure that market is ready, that the company has enough resources and the right market channel and product for specific market (Moberg Palm, 1995 in Jennie Zetterwall).Meanwhile, Masurel and Montfort (2006) explored the changes between stages in the life cycle of small and medium-sized enterprises in the professional services sector. They distinguish four different, subsequent stages in the life cycle. 1. Starting 2. Growth 3. Maturity 4. Decline. They found that the first three stages represent an increase in diversification in sales, increase in differentiation of labor force, and increase in labor productivity. In the last stage, the diversification in sales, diff erentiations in labor force, and labor productivity all drop. As growth as one crucial key in this life cycle, SMEs starts internationalization which has become more and more relevant to the competitiveness of enterprises of all sizes. Recently, SMEs that start with a global strategy can change swiftly to take advantage of cross-border activities, which offers chances not only for revenue growth but also the exchange of knowledge and the development of capabilities, thereby strengthening the long-term competitiveness of the firm.3.2. The Models of InternationalizationTookey (1969) developed an early example of modeling progression through various steps, pre-dating the Uppssalla model this involved the advancement of the firm from trade, to international marketing and finally international business The behavioural approach of the Uppsala views internationalization as having four stages (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul 1975, Johanson and Vahlne 1977) while Bilkey and Tesar (1977) ident ify six steps, Aijo (1977), Cavusgil (1980) and Reid (1981) identify volt, while Czinkota (1982) identifies six.Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975), Johanson and Vahlne (1977) confront 1 No regular export activities Stage 2 trade via agents Stage 3 Establishment of a sales subsidiary Stage 4 Production or manufacturing in a foreign market.Bilkey and Tesar (1977)Stage 1 Management not interested in exporting Stage 2 Management willing to fill unrequested orders but not driving force made to explore feasibility of actively exporting Stage 3 Management actively explores feasibility of active exporting Stage 4 business firm exports experimentally to psychologically close county Stage 5 Firm is now an experienced exporter Stage 6 Management explore feasibility of exporting to psychologically distant countries.Cavusgil (1980)Stage 1 Firm sells only in domestic market Stage 2 Pre-export phase, the firm searches for information and evaluates feasibility of starting to export Stage Exp erimental involvement, firm begins exporting to psychologically close country Stage 4 Active involvement, exporting to more new countries, direct exporting and increase in sales volume.Czinkota (1982)Stage 1 The completely uninterested firm Stage 2 The partially interested firm Stage 3 The exploring firm Stage 4 The experimental firm Stage 5 The experienced small exporter Stage 6 The experienced large exporter.Reid (1981)Stage 1 Export awareness, problem of opportunity recognition and arousal of need Stage 2 Export intention, motivation, attitude, beliefs and exporting about exporting Stage 3 Export trial, personal experience from limited exporting Stage 4 Export evaluation, results from engaging in exporting Stage 5 Export acceptance, adoption of exporting or rejection of exporting.4. DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO INTERNATIONALIZATIONDrivers of InternationalizationThere must be some motivations behind the decision to go international. Leonidou, Katsikeas and Percy (1998) determine that o rganizations are typically willing to market themselves for four reasons. First, it may be due to slow growth in the domestic economy as evidenced by a reduction in the number of the home market opportunities. Consequently, an organization will look for other opportunities by entering new international markets (Chandra, Styles and Wilkinson, 2009). Second, there may be a trade deficit followed by currency devaluation and a number of export restrictions. Third, the world trading system may become more liberalized leading to a minimization of international market entry barriers. Forth, it might be more intensive global competition in the global business environment.All these trends have developed the dynamic of exports. The creation of exports is not only due to the self-initiative of a company, but also by the government. This is also confirmed by Gripsrud (1990) who suggests that the government of a country may believe their firms to think globally by thundering their service areas to foreign markets, due to the expectation of an increasing volume of exports from the country. Thus, it will help the economy of that country.Furthermore, OECD (2009) also analyzed motivations for small and medium-sized internationalization including growth motives, knowledge-related motives, network or stoical ties and domestic or regional market factors.4.1.1 Growth MotivesGrowth opportunities associated with international markets were identified as a key driver of firm internationalization in several recent studies (Orser et al., 2008), (Rundh, 2007), (Barnes et al., 2006), (Reynolds, 2007). The possibility of growth in other markets and increase profit opportunities from international expansion were highlighted as key stimuli for exporting. Firms overseas venturing decision also seems to be motivated by a need for business growth, profits, an increase market size, a stronger market position, and to reduce dependence on a single or small number of markets. The growth motive is very almost linked to maximizing returns and minimizing costs in purchasing, production and sales.4.1.2 Knowledge-related MotivesGarvey and Brennan (2006) suggest that knowledge assets both push and pull SMEs into international markets. The push dimension pertains to the importance of managers preliminary international experience and related management capacity factors. There are also related findings on the internationalization triggering effects of knowledge aspects, including RD investment, innovation capabilities, unique product or technology, and language skills and firm resource base, as indicated by such proxies as size, age, and experience.4.1.3 Network or Social Ties and Supply Chain cogitateCamara and Simoes (2008) have highlighted the importance of network/social ties and supply chain links in triggering SMEs first internationalization step and extending internationalization processes. The research studies particularly describe the stimulating effect on export activit y of firms soft assets, including social and network capital, some of which may have accrued through managers immigrant background and associated links.4.1.4 Domestic or Regional Market DriversThere is also support from recent relevant research (Lopez, 2007), (Staoian, 2006) on the push effects of firms limited or stagnating domestic market on internationalization behavior. The enterprise differed significantly in their export tendency, with export propensity increasing in regions with less favorable domestic conditions, local incentives to export and good export infrastructure. Recent evidence from Chile and Indonesia further suggest a greater tendency to export among firms from sectors characterized by high levels of export intensity and presence of foreign buyers. The Indonesian finding on the importance of foreign buyers presence is significant as it reinforces the earlier observed need to get up SMEs role in global value chains through facilitating their integration into produ ction or supply systems of foreign affiliates of larger firms (OECD, 2008).Cavusgil and Nevin (1981) also classify the internal determinants of export behavior in four categories, which are differential firm advantages, strength of managerial aspirations for various business goals, management expectations about the effects of exporting on business goals, and level of organizational commitment to export marketing. Firstly, differential firm advantages are derived from the nature of the firms products, markets, technological orientation, and resources. These factors are important in preparing the firm and in motivating its management, but not sufficient to initiate export. Secondly, the strength of managerial aspirations for various business goals, such as growth profits, and market development are a second set of drivers. The importance that managers attach to internationalization is believed to be a direct determinant of a firms export behavior. Thirdly, management expectations abou t the effects of exporting on business goals reflect the managers knowledge and perceptions of possible risks and profitability of export. These expectations are also influenced by external factors, such as unsolicited orders from foreign buyers and fluctuations in exchange rates. Lastly, the level of organizational commitment to export marketing indicates the willingness to devote adequate resources to export-related activities. As reporting involves many new tasks and requires commitment of financial and managerial resources, this is a critical factor for an effective internationalization strategy.4.2. Barriers to InternationalizationIn order to identify the term internationalization with the main focus of the thesis, Coviello and McAuley (1999) stated that not only large organizations, but also small and medium sized organizations, can become global. In addition, they also state that the international expansion of an SME is certainly useful when it comes to contributing to the ec onomic growth and prosperity of a country. However, one thing that should be remembered is that not every SME is ready to expand into international markets. Despite the fact that they have small or medium sized organizations, there must be some factors and limitations in terms of finding global market opportunities.There have been a number of studies which have focused on the barriers to internationalization (Leonidou, 1995 Campbell 1994 Katsikeas and Morgan, 1994, Morgan 1997). The barriers to internationalization can be categorized into five broad areas financial, managerial, market based (including both the domestic and international markets), industry specific and firm specific. It is widely acknowledged that barriers to internationalization can exist at any stage in the internationalization process (Morgan, 1997). Furthermore, the perception of the barrier